Why an important step on the journey to automated technology has failed to take hold
Skip to main content
Sister Publication Links
  • Automotive News Canada
  • Automotive News Europe
  • Automotive News China
  • Automobilwoche
AN-LOGO-BLUE
Subscribe
  • Subscribe
  • Account
  • login
  • HOME
  • NEWS
    • Dealers
    • Automakers & Suppliers
    • News by Brand
    • Cars & Concepts
    • Coronavirus Coverage
    • China
    • Shift
    • Mobility Report
    • Special Reports
    • Digital Edition Archive
    • This Week's Issue
    • COVID-19 vaccines reaching auto plants, but challenges remain
      Working online to book COVID shots, office manager Billie Jean Pellet “typed so fast smoke came off the keyboard,” said dealer Earl Stewart.
      Dealership team hunts for vaccine
      Hope stalls for rebound in European auto sales
      Dana net income falls 53% in Q4
    • Changan
      Huawei, battered by U.S. sanctions, plans foray into EVs, report says
      VW China
      Top VW China exec said to eye joining Renault as local CEO
      Geely to create separate EV business unit
      Valeo, Faurecia outperform China market in 2020
    • Other industries combine for more bot orders than automakers, suppliers
      Gatik capitalizes on growing demand for shorter-distance deliveries
      Food is becoming a main dish on the AV menu
      Udelv CEO offers a historical perspective on high-tech goods delivery
    • A worker fixes a power line in Austin, Texas, last month.
      Bidirectional EVs could lend a hand in power crisis
      Fisker's next wave: A premium people's car
      Toyota banks on plug-ins as rivals push BEVs
      A look at some EVs and their range
      Here are the mileage ranges of the top EVs
    • Elon Musk interview
      Tesla’s Model Y, on sale since March, is a showcase of EV technologies competitors will benchmark.
      Technologies of Electrification
      Cadillac’s Lyriq EV will be unveiled Aug. 6.
      Future Product Pipeline
      A CALL TO ACTION
    • COVID-19 vaccines reaching auto plants, but challenges remain
      In SPACs, dealers see viable option to go public
      New-school solution for recruiting auto techs
      Is your dealership a great place to work?
    • Access F&I
    • Fixed Ops Journal
    • Marketing
    • Used Cars
    • Retail Technology
    • Sales
    • Best Practices
    • Dealership Buy/Sell
    • NADA
    • NADA Show
    • Automakers
    • Manufacturing
    • Suppliers
    • Regulations & Safety
    • Executives
    • Talk From The Top
    • Leading Women Network
    • Guide to Economic Development
    • PACE Awards
    • Management Briefing Seminars
    • World Congress
    • Aston Martin
    • BMW
      • Mini
      • Rolls-Royce
    • Daimler
      • Mercedes Benz
      • Smart
    • Fiat Chrysler
      • Alfa Romeo
      • Chrysler
      • Dodge
      • Ferrari
      • Fiat
      • Jeep
      • Maserati
      • Ram
    • Ford
      • Lincoln
    • General Motors
      • Buick
      • Cadillac
      • Chevrolet
      • GMC
      • Holden
    • Honda
      • Acura
    • Hyundai
      • Genesis
      • Kia
    • Mazda
    • McLaren
    • Mitsubishi
    • Nissan
      • Infiniti
    • PSA
      • Citroen
      • Opel
      • Peugeot
    • Renault
    • Subaru
    • Suzuki
    • Tata
      • Jaguar
      • Land Rover
    • Tesla
    • Toyota
      • Lexus
    • Volkswagen
      • Audi
      • Bentley
      • Bugatti
      • Lamborghini
      • Porsche
      • Seat
      • Skoda
    • Volvo
    • (Discontinued Brands)
    • Virtual reveals (Sponsored)
      • MITSUBISHI: 2022 Outlander
      • NISSAN: 2022 Pathfinder and 2022 Frontier
      • GENESIS: 2021 GV80
      • KIA: 2021 K5
      • LEXUS: 2021 IS
      • NISSAN: 2021 Rogue
      • TOYOTA: 2021 Venza and 2021 Sienna
    • Auto Shows
    • Future Product Pipeline
    • Photo Galleries
    • Car Cutaways
    • Design
  • OPINION
    • Blogs
    • Cartoons
    • Keith Crain
    • Automotive Views with Jason Stein
    • Columnists
    • China Commentary
    • Editorials
    • Letters to the Editor
    • Send us a Letter
    • Fisker gets a rare second chance to build his own car company
      The new Stellantis pickup: Schrödinger's Dakota
      Gerry McGovern is right man to steer Jaguar reinvention
      Forget the Ford GT; Moray Callum's biggest hit is the aluminum F-150
    • Jaguar is about to undergo its fourth reinvention in five decades as owner Tata Group takes a second crack at shaking up a brand whose glorious past has rarely translated into a profitable present or sustainable future.
      Jaguar Redo, Part IV
      view gallery
      1 photos
      Chip Shortage
      Jaguar is about to undergo its fourth reinvention in five decades as owner Tata Group takes a second crack at shaking up a brand whose glorious past has rarely translated into a profitable present or sustainable future.
      view gallery
      9 photos
      Leo Michael Cartoons - Q1 2021
      Dealers hiring from hospitality sector
      view gallery
      1 photos
      Hospitality Hires
    • Shifting gears away from the stick shift
      SEMA still a wonderful circus
      Penske still has plenty of races to win
      Ford's turn in the hot seat
    • March 2, 2021 | Will EV bets pay off?
      February 23, 2021 | Reliability continues to soar
      February 16, 2021 | Apple looks to take bite out of automotive
      February 9, 2021 | ‘Super’ opportunity for automakers
    • Jamie Butters
      EV plans and some damn lies
      Mark Paul
      What dealers can do if D.C. power shift affects recalls
      Reinvention of Jaguar is a tall task for McGovern
      Are we in the midst of a fourth industrial revolution?
    • Shanghai hints at how Chinese cities will pursue electrification
      How Tesla, GM transformed EV market in 2020
      Is sales recovery nearing an end?
      Beijing's uphill battle to boost EV sales
    • U.S. Dealership lot
      Lean lots won't last without new dealer discipline
      Taiwan Semicon microchips BB web.jpg
      Chip shortage shows need for new thinking
      Digital demands squeeze smaller auto retailers
      President Joe Biden’s move to electrify all government vehicles could push forward charging infrastructure development.
      Dealers aren't wrong to be wary of EV hype
    • New look at Nissan a positive sign
      Embrace EV ideas at our doorstep
      Buying EV without dealer is just easier
      Dealers are right to worry about EVs
  • DATA CENTER
  • VIDEO
    • AutoNews Now
    • First Shift
    • Special Video Reports
    • Weekend Drive
    • AutoNews Now: Toyota RAV4 probed for fire risk
      AutoNews Now: Nissan 'breakthrough' could lower emissions
      AutoNews Now: Most buyers still undecided on EVs, J.D. Power finds
      AutoNews Now: Biden tackles chip shortage with lawmakers, order
    • First Shift: Volvo's electric push includes online-only sales
      First Shift: U.S. dealership profits surge 48% to record high
      First Shift: Tesla output in Calif. resumes after 2-day shutdown
      First Shift: Ford's Farley: 'We need to bring battery production to the U.S.'
    • Bert Ogden Auto Group
      Back to basics: How a Texas group is cutting costs, saving millions 
      COVID, chips and checks: Sales headwinds and tailwinds for 2021
      N.J. dealer helps position peers for ‘electric revolution’
      DCH Millburn Audi
      'Finding the diamond in the rough': How 2020's No. 1 dealership retains talent
    • Why the pickup is the auto industry's 'battleground'
      Carlos Ghosn's quest to restore his reputation
      Why Ford must execute to avoid 'deep trouble'
      Why Honda is 'locked and loaded' for 2020
  • EVENTS & AWARDS
    • Events
    • Awards
    • Congress Conversations
    • Retail Forum: NADA
    • Canada Congress
    • Europe Congress Conversations
    • Leading Women Conference
    • Fixed Ops Journal Forum
    • ANE Shift
    • Shift: Mobility at a Crossroads
    • Shift: The Future of Mobility (CES)
    • 100 Leading Women
    • 40 Under 40 Retail
    • All-Stars
    • Best Dealerships To Work For
    • PACE Program
    • Rising Stars
    • Europe Rising Stars
  • JOBS
  • AN Solutions
  • +MORE
    • Leading Women Network
    • Podcasts
    • Webinars
    • In the Driver's Seat
    • Publishing Partners
    • Classifieds
    • Companies on the Move
    • People on the Move
    • Newsletters
    • Contact Us
    • Media Kit
    • RSS Feeds
    • Shift: A Podcast About Mobility
    • Special Reports Podcasts
    • Daily Drive Podcasts
    • AAM
    • Gentex
    • Reputation.com
    • Ricardo
    • Ricardo
    • Allstate: Want more from your F&I?
    • Ally: Navigating the future of automotive retailing
    • Amazon Web Services: Any place, any time, any channel
    • Amazon Web Services: The power of the cloud
    • Amazon Web Services: Universal translator: Harnessing sensor data to build better automotive software
    • Epic Games: Transforming the auto industry with digital assets
    • FTI Consulting: Crisis as a catalyst for change
    • Google: 5 trends shaping the auto industry's approach to a new normal
    • IHS Markit: Automotive loyalty in the wake of the COVID-19 recession
    • IHS Markit: Autonomous vehicles: Automotive and transportation disruption
    • IHS Markit: COVID-19: The future mobility delusion
    • Level5: 2020 Automotive E-Commerce Report
    • Naked Lime: Bring social reputation together as part of big-picture marketing
    • Wells Fargo Auto: Switching gears from LIBOR to SOFR
    • Ally: Do It Right
    • DealerSocket
    • Deloitte: Cyber everywhere: Preparing for automotive safety in the face of cyber threats
    • Facebook: The road to a zero-friction future
    • Guide To Economic Development
    • PayPal Credit: How consumer financing helps drive sales for online auto parts retailers
MENU
Breadcrumb
  1. Home
  2. SHIFT
July 21, 2019 09:00 PM

Why Level 3 automated technology has failed to take hold

Pete Bigelow
  • Tweet
  • Share
  • Share
  • Email
  • More
    Print

    Two summers ago, Audi stood on the precipice of an automated-driving breakthrough. Its redesigned A8 sedans contained a system called Traffic Jam Pilot, which, when active, relieved human drivers of the need to pay attention during the tedium of stop-and-go traffic.

    On the level

    Not all automated vehicles are created equal. The industry has adopted these 6 levels of driving automation, as outlined by SAE International.
    No driving automation: The human drives. The vehicle may have features such as automatic emergency braking or blind-spot warning, but the human remains in control of the dynamic driving task.
    Driver assistance: The human drives. The vehicle provides steering or brake/acceleration support, such as lane centering or adaptive cruise control.
    Partial driving automation: The human is responsible for vehicle operations. The vehicle provides both steering and brake/acceleration support.
    Conditional automation: The human and robot can exchange responsibility for the driving task. The vehicle can drive itself under limited conditions, but the human must take over on request.
    High driving automation: The robot does all the driving, but with certain restrictions, such as robotaxis that are limited to operating in a geofenced area.
    Full driving automation: The robot does all the driving, everywhere, and in all conditions.

    Trumpeted as a defining moment on the road to full autonomy, the system was the first in production that allowed humans to hand driving responsibility to the car itself for some portion of the journey — so long as a human remained available as a backup. In industry jargon, such a system is classified as Level 3 automation.

    But the milestone arrived with an asterisk.

    Audi equipped the A8 with all the components necessary to make Traffic Jam Pilot work, but it hadn't actually enabled the feature. Activation would come, brand executives theorized at the time, via over-the-air updates as regulatory compliance was ensured market by market.

    Today, Traffic Jam Pilot remains dormant in the U.S. Audi has no foreseeable plans to activate the system, and the future of Level 3 automation for Audi and everyone else remains beset by a morass of regulatory, technical, safety, behavioral, legal and business-related complications.

    Once, Level 3, sometimes called "conditional automation," seemed like a natural step in the evolution of automated technology, a progression beyond today's driver-assist systems in which drivers retain responsibility for vehicle operations and a precursor to self-driving vehicles. But that building-block assumption baked into the Levels of Driving Automation, outlined by SAE International, belied unique challenges.

    "Some OEMs say they're going to skip Level 3 altogether and do Level 4, while others are still pursuing this possibility," says Christophe Marnat, executive vice president of the electronics and advanced driver-assist systems division at ZF. "I'm not sure how to interpret that. Does that mean they have solutions? … Or is it just research that never comes to fruition? It's questionable."

    ‘Pushes the boundaries'

    Part of the problem is the delineation of responsibility.

    With Tesla's Autopilot and General Motors' Super Cruise, both Level 2 systems in the market today, that's clear. Regardless of functionality, humans remain responsible for all driving operations. In Level 4 self-driving systems, responsibility is also clear: Human occupants have zero role.

    Consider Level 3 a middle ground, where responsibility can be exchanged between human and machine. When systems are in control, humans are still required in case the system encounters a situation it cannot handle.

    Audi's Traffic Jam Pilot allows the driver to let the vehicle take control during stop-and-go situations.

    Those handoffs, and the notion of a human backup, bring forth a series of questions and challenges:

    While a system drives, can a human backup check email or watch a video? How do manufacturers ensure there's no mode confusion? What series of audio, visual and haptic cues should be used to alert a human driver they need to retake control? How long should they be given to do so? How should vehicles monitor the readiness of humans to accept a handoff? What happens if they do not accept that exchange?

    "Level 3 pushes the boundaries on what you expect the human to do, and it makes it difficult to discern 'Am I driving or riding?' on a moment-to-moment basis," says Bryan Reimer, research scientist at the Center for Transportation and Logistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "If I am a human driver, how do I learn to be a fallback?"

    An early experiment provided unsettling answers.

    In the earliest days of its self-driving car project, Google experimented with systems that involved a handoff. Test drivers immediately over-trusted the technology to the point where, in some cases, they fell asleep behind the wheel. Those findings alarmed engineers, making apparent the hurdles of any systems in which humans remained in the loop. For Google, the implications were clear: It was easier to build a self-driving system from scratch than consider keeping human drivers involved.

    Among traditional automakers, Ford and Volvo came to similar conclusions and have not pursued development of Level 3 systems. Others see conditional automation as valuable, particularly for traditional car owners who might pay for convenience features, such as Traffic Jam Pilot, that relieve their workload behind the wheel. Honda and Mercedes-Benz plan deployments of Level 3 systems in 2020.

    Implementing Level 3 will necessitate a rethinking of user interfaces already developed for driver-assist systems and a more collaborative approach to sharing the driving task, says Artur Seidel, vice president of the Americas at Elektrobit, a supplier of software products and human-machine interface technology.

    An example: If it starts raining while a Level 3 system is engaged, the system could alert its human backup that conditions are becoming more demanding.

    "Then it starts to rain a little harder, and the car says, 'I think you should take over soon,' and then the next stage is the takeover," Seidel said. "It's a gradual transition, and the more we can make the system predictable without overloading the driver, it serves as a training effect."

    Handover is complex

    He underscored the extent of that complexity.

    "Because of the liability involved in that handover," Seidel says, "there's quite a bit more work to do on Level 3 systems. You end up in a situation where you have to — under all circumstances — handle a safe stop. We're not necessarily there."

    Driver-monitoring systems have emerged as a crucial component of any system involving human drivers. By monitoring hand position on a steering wheel or tracking eye movements with in-cabin cameras, systems can ensure a human is paying attention. But they have limitations.

    Dashboard messages alert the driver when the feature is available. The Audi A8 has the Traffic Jam Pilot components, but the feature is not activated in the U.S. because of regulatory and other complications.

    "It's one thing to say you're looking out the windshield and another to say your head is in the game," says Chris Van Dan Elzen, vice president of product planning at Veoneer, a software and hardware company that spun off from supplier Autoliv and focuses on driver-assist and automated-driving systems.

    Determining how to measure the cognitive readiness of humans to retake responsibility has been the subject of new research. But there is neither consensus nor regulation on how long drivers should be given to accept a handoff. For Traffic Jam Pilot, Audi had estimated drivers would be ready in 10 seconds. Others believe the time needed is considerably longer.

    "The driver shouldn't need to be reactivated faster than a couple of minutes," Volvo CEO Hakan Samuelsson said in November. "Otherwise, it's a very dangerous system. If you cannot do that, you have a pilot-assist system like you have today, which requires total supervision at all times by the driver."

    If driver-monitoring systems have become necessary to enable Level 3, they also represent something automakers prefer to avoid — cost.

    Because automakers accept liability when their systems are in charge, testing and validation costs will be more expensive, as will be additional hardware on vehicles in the form of computing power and redundancy of actuators. Audi added front-facing lidar as part of its Traffic Jam Pilot package; it remains unclear whether others will follow. Further, it remains unclear whether motorists will value these systems enough to bear the costs.

    ‘Expensive and limited'

    "That's a ton of stuff that's extremely expensive, and when you think about it, you still need to be aware of what's going on as an end consumer in this system," Marnat says. "It's expensive and limited in terms of usage. Maybe you see some consumer benefit, but there's a trade-off between how much you are willing to pay for it, knowing you are still in the loop."

    Some consumers might be prohibited from using such features. In New York, for example, state law requires drivers to keep their hands on the wheel at all times, a factor in Audi's decision to delay the release of Traffic Jam Pilot.

    As these issues are sorted out, automakers are rolling out more and more advanced driver-assist features. Many in the industry have latched onto the unofficial term "Level 2 Plus," which conveys the idea that functionality of driver-assist systems is improving. At the same time, automakers are stopping short of accepting liability associated with Level 3.

    "You feel the industry moving toward this Level 2 Plus or 2 Plus Plus or 2 Plus Plus Plus," Marnat laughs. "What is the point where you stop being Level 2 Plus?"

    Combine consumer acceptance with cost, uncertain regulatory landscapes with the thorny nature of control exchanges and driver monitoring, and Level 3 remains an elusive goal.

    RECOMMENDED FOR YOU
    VW unit is pumping funds into mobile charging robot
    Letter
    to the
    Editor

     

     

    Send us a letter

    Have an opinion about this story? Click here to submit a Letter to the Editor, and we may publish it in print.

    Recommended for You
    VW unit is pumping funds into mobile charging robot
    VW unit is pumping funds into mobile charging robot
    Companies work smarter, not harder, with logistics-focused robots
    Companies work smarter, not harder, with logistics-focused robots
    Other industries combine for more bot orders than automakers, suppliers
    Other industries combine for more bot orders than automakers, suppliers
    Sponsored Content: The Halo Effect: Digital Loves TV
    Sign up for free newsletters
    EMAIL ADDRESS

    Please enter a valid email address.

    Please enter your email address.

    Please verify captcha.

    Please select at least one newsletter to subscribe.

    See more newsletter options at autonews.com/newsletters.

    You can unsubscribe at any time through links in these emails. For more information, see our Privacy Policy.

    Digital Edition
    Automotive News 3-1-21
    THIS WEEK'S EDITION
    See our archive
    Fixed Ops Journal
    Fixed Ops Journal 2-8-21
    Read the issue
    See our archive
    Get Free Newsletters

    Sign up and get the best of Automotive News delivered straight to your email inbox, free of charge. Choose your news – we will deliver.

    Subscribe Today

    Get 24/7 access to in-depth, authoritative coverage of the auto industry from a global team of reporters and editors covering the news that’s vital to your business.

    Subscribe Now
    Connect With Us
    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • LinkedIn
    • Twitter

    Our mission

    The Automotive News mission is to be the primary source of industry news, data and understanding for the industry's decision-makers interested in North America.

    AN-LOGO-BLUE
    Contact Us

    1155 Gratiot Avenue
    Detroit, Michigan
    48207-2997

    (877) 812-1584

    Email us

    Automotive News
    ISSN 0005-1551 (print)
    ISSN 1557-7686 (online)

    Fixed Ops Journal
    ISSN 2576-1064 (print)
    ISSN 2576-1072 (online)

    Resources
    • About us
    • Contact Us
    • Media Kit
    • Subscribe
    • Manage your account
    • Reprints
    • Ad Choices Ad Choices
    • Sitemap
    Legal
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Privacy Policy
    • Privacy Request
    Automotive News
    Copyright © 1996-2021. Crain Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
    • HOME
    • NEWS
      • Dealers
        • Access F&I
        • Fixed Ops Journal
        • Marketing
        • Used Cars
        • Retail Technology
        • Sales
        • Best Practices
        • Dealership Buy/Sell
        • NADA
        • NADA Show
      • Automakers & Suppliers
        • Automakers
        • Manufacturing
        • Suppliers
        • Regulations & Safety
        • Executives
        • Talk From The Top
        • Leading Women Network
        • Guide to Economic Development
        • PACE Awards
        • Management Briefing Seminars
        • World Congress
      • News by Brand
        • Aston Martin
        • BMW
          • Mini
          • Rolls-Royce
        • Daimler
          • Mercedes Benz
          • Smart
        • Fiat Chrysler
          • Alfa Romeo
          • Chrysler
          • Dodge
          • Ferrari
          • Fiat
          • Jeep
          • Maserati
          • Ram
        • Ford
          • Lincoln
        • General Motors
          • Buick
          • Cadillac
          • Chevrolet
          • GMC
          • Holden
        • Honda
          • Acura
        • Hyundai
          • Genesis
          • Kia
        • Mazda
        • McLaren
        • Mitsubishi
        • Nissan
          • Infiniti
        • PSA
          • Citroen
          • Opel
          • Peugeot
        • Renault
        • Subaru
        • Suzuki
        • Tata
          • Jaguar
          • Land Rover
        • Tesla
        • Toyota
          • Lexus
        • Volkswagen
          • Audi
          • Bentley
          • Bugatti
          • Lamborghini
          • Porsche
          • Seat
          • Skoda
        • Volvo
        • (Discontinued Brands)
      • Cars & Concepts
        • Virtual reveals (Sponsored)
          • MITSUBISHI: 2022 Outlander
          • NISSAN: 2022 Pathfinder and 2022 Frontier
          • GENESIS: 2021 GV80
          • KIA: 2021 K5
          • LEXUS: 2021 IS
          • NISSAN: 2021 Rogue
          • TOYOTA: 2021 Venza and 2021 Sienna
        • Auto Shows
        • Future Product Pipeline
        • Photo Galleries
        • Car Cutaways
        • Design
      • Coronavirus Coverage
      • China
      • Shift
      • Mobility Report
      • Special Reports
      • Digital Edition Archive
      • This Week's Issue
    • OPINION
      • Blogs
      • Cartoons
      • Keith Crain
      • Automotive Views with Jason Stein
      • Columnists
      • China Commentary
      • Editorials
      • Letters to the Editor
      • Send us a Letter
    • DATA CENTER
    • VIDEO
      • AutoNews Now
      • First Shift
      • Special Video Reports
      • Weekend Drive
    • EVENTS & AWARDS
      • Events
        • Congress Conversations
        • Retail Forum: NADA
        • Canada Congress
        • Europe Congress Conversations
        • Leading Women Conference
        • Fixed Ops Journal Forum
        • ANE Shift
        • Shift: Mobility at a Crossroads
        • Shift: The Future of Mobility (CES)
      • Awards
        • 100 Leading Women
        • 40 Under 40 Retail
        • All-Stars
        • Best Dealerships To Work For
        • PACE Program
        • Rising Stars
        • Europe Rising Stars
    • JOBS
    • AN Solutions
    • +MORE
      • Leading Women Network
      • Podcasts
        • Shift: A Podcast About Mobility
        • Special Reports Podcasts
        • Daily Drive Podcasts
      • Webinars
      • In the Driver's Seat
        • AAM
        • Gentex
        • Reputation.com
        • Ricardo
        • Ricardo
      • Publishing Partners
        • Allstate: Want more from your F&I?
        • Ally: Navigating the future of automotive retailing
        • Amazon Web Services: Any place, any time, any channel
        • Amazon Web Services: The power of the cloud
        • Amazon Web Services: Universal translator: Harnessing sensor data to build better automotive software
        • Epic Games: Transforming the auto industry with digital assets
        • FTI Consulting: Crisis as a catalyst for change
        • Google: 5 trends shaping the auto industry's approach to a new normal
        • IHS Markit: Automotive loyalty in the wake of the COVID-19 recession
        • IHS Markit: Autonomous vehicles: Automotive and transportation disruption
        • IHS Markit: COVID-19: The future mobility delusion
        • Level5: 2020 Automotive E-Commerce Report
        • Naked Lime: Bring social reputation together as part of big-picture marketing
        • Wells Fargo Auto: Switching gears from LIBOR to SOFR
        • Ally: Do It Right
        • DealerSocket
        • Deloitte: Cyber everywhere: Preparing for automotive safety in the face of cyber threats
        • Facebook: The road to a zero-friction future
        • Guide To Economic Development
        • PayPal Credit: How consumer financing helps drive sales for online auto parts retailers
      • Classifieds
      • Companies on the Move
      • People on the Move
      • Newsletters
      • Contact Us
      • Media Kit
      • RSS Feeds